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Reuqests概览​

Requests是一个Python库，用于处理HTTP请求，解决了手动处理的繁琐过程，Response类用于存储HTTP请求返回的结果

官方文档

HTTP请求共有9种，使用到的主要方法有如下几种：

  • **GET：**请求指定页面信息，并返回实体主体

  • **POST：**向指定页面提交数据处理请求，数据被包含在请求中，例如修改表单或者上传文件等

使用httpbin.org可以模拟发起上述请求，并测试上述请求

Untitled Bookmark

GET请求​

get()方法可用于请求资源，例如获取页面（QueryPage），下载文件，登录网站等

URL="https://httpbin.org/"
r=requests.get(URL)
>>> r
<Response [200]>

参数​

get(url,params,auth,timeout)

  • url：统一资源定位符，请求资源的地址

  • params：参数，传入类型为字典

  • auth：传递登录信息，格式为列表

  • timeout：页面延迟时间，超时返回500状态码

#测试参数#
>>> payload={'page':1,'name':'history'}
>>> r=requests.get(URL+"/get",params=payload)
>>> r.url
'https://httpbin.org//get?page=1&name=history'
>>> r.json()
{'args': {'name': 'history', 'page': '1'}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.31.0', 'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-65dd9257-3ea21e6828eb632f027704fd'}, 'origin': '23.226.8.69', 'url': 'https://httpbin.org/get?page=1&name=history'}
#测试登录#
>>> r=requests.get(URL+"/basic-auth/user/passwd",auth=('user','passwd'))
>>> r
<Response [200]>
>>> r=requests.get(URL+"/basic-auth/user/passwd",auth=('name','passwd'))
>>> r
<Response [401]>
#测试超时#
>>> r=requests.get(URL+"/delay/1",timeout=3)
>>> r
<Response [200]>
>>> r=requests.get(URL+"/delay/4",timeout=3)
Time Out Error

POST请求​

用于上传数据

处理Reuqests类的常用函数和属性​

r为reuqests类的一个实例

使用方法结果作用
dir(r)返回对象可用的方法
help(r)帮助
r.content
r.text文本（若用于非文本文件会出现乱码）
r.status_code状态码
r.ok布尔值判断链接是否正常
r.headers消息头
r.json()字典将返回的JSON数据变成字典数据
>>> r=requests.get(URL+"/get",params=payload)
>>> dir(r)
['__attrs__', '__bool__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__enter__', '__eq__', '__exit__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getstate__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__nonzero__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setstate__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '_content', '_content_consumed', '_next', 'apparent_encoding', 'close', 'connection', 'content', 'cookies', 'elapsed', 'encoding', 'headers', 'history', 'is_permanent_redirect', 'is_redirect', 'iter_content', 'iter_lines', 'json', 'links', 'next', 'ok', 'raise_for_status', 'raw', 'reason', 'request', 'status_code', 'text', 'url'
>>> r.content
b'{\n  "args": {\n    "name": "history", \n    "page": "1"\n  }, \n  "headers": {\n    "Accept": "*/*", \n    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", \n    "Host": "httpbin.org", \n    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.31.0", \n    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-65dd94fa-3ccfa2fd79502b123584dc54"\n  }, \n  "origin": "23.226.8.69", \n  "url": "https://httpbin.org/get?page=1&name=history"\n}\n'
>>> r.text
'{\n  "args": {\n    "name": "history", \n    "page": "1"\n  }, \n  "headers": {\n    "Accept": "*/*", \n    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", \n    "Host": "httpbin.org", \n    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.31.0", \n    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-65dd94fa-3ccfa2fd79502b123584dc54"\n  }, \n  "origin": "23.226.8.69", \n  "url": "https://httpbin.org/get?page=1&name=history"\n}\n'
>>> r.status_code
200
>>> r.ok
True
>>> r.headers
{'Date': 'Tue, 27 Feb 2024 07:53:30 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Content-Length': '368', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Server': 'gunicorn/19.9.0', 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*', 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials': 'true'}
#访问字典中的值#
>>> r.json()['args']
{'name': 'history', 'page': '1'}

案例​